Eproject

Avoid These Deadly Foods

2010-01-14T06:26:00.000-08:00

There is a silent killer in some of our food, and this is known as trans-fatty acids, known as partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. It puts in some of our food, it is easy to be used to produce low-cost, and will last for a long time. Also give food desirable taste and texture.

Trans-fatty acids are responsible for causing fatal heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and reduce the proportion of HDL cholesterol is good, as is known and to raise the level of bad LDL cholesterol, as is well known.

These fats are created in the trade by adding an extra hydrogen molecule chain fatty acids, making it more solid at room temperature of oils and other health. This "stable" property to do the same thing in our arteries, causing blood clots in the arteries and deadly since accumulation.

You can find trans fats in the preparation of many commercial foods such as potatoes, french fries, pastries, pies, cakes and biscuits, and the reduction of which occur in the pie crust. Please avoid these foods at all costs, and read food labels and avoid anything with "partially hydrogenated vegetable oils" in the ingredients. Instead, cross-fatty replacement of monounsaturated fat and polyunsaturated. On the healthy fats found in foods like almonds, walnuts, pecans, and most other raw nuts and seeds. Also, an excellent source of healthy fat is extra virgin olive oil and avocados.

Why Should You Moderate Your Alcohol Intake?

2009-12-26T08:49:00.000-08:00

Used as drinking alcohol, fermented fruits and grains are made by. Since the ancient times as many drugs are used in one drink. Throughout the history of wine were used. In some countries, and use of alcohol is strictly forbidden, while in others, and alcohol is prohibited until the last eighteen years of age. Nervous system depression because his role as one of the wine, is associated with various health and social issues.

The impact of alcohol consumption on the human body works largely depends on the quantity and structure, and human health and conditions. Human blood alcohol, when consumed, and are part and all parts of the body is equally affected. People and alcohol use, because it gives them a sense of joy and relaxation, but they consume a large amount of coordination and lack of clarity of vision causes problems.

Many are long term and short-term affects of excessive alcohol consumption. Excessive drinking and alcohol abuse loss of consciousness can be. Alcohol consumption, and often too much alcohol poisoning, convulsions and death can be as well. Alcohol can damage systems and human body parts are. , Heart kidney, liver and brain organs is adversely affected by eating large quantities of alcohol are.

Eating large quantities of alcohol several medical research are showing harmful effects, some recent research has revealed that the light consumption of alcohol, including heart disease and fatal risk of various health, reduces. Small amounts of alcohol medical specialties, which means that one or two short of the recommended doses on average.

Medical research shows that moderate alcohol consumers who drink alcohol enjoy better health. Drunk people and capable judge at the results of their actions, but some studies indicate that people with privilege who had consumed less alcohol too, and have better control over their behavior. Moderate consumption of wine benefit the American Medical Association’s 1904 ‘Journal has revealed. ”

Moderate consumption of alcohol studies has revealed various benefits. Moderate alcohol consumption for a good sleep and rapid eye movement architecture can help to facilitate. Waking from sleep, at bedtime to promote increased consumption of alcohol medium. A moderate amount is related to health. Old people, many people who drink a moderate amount, and the mortality rate is low. Positive effect of moderate alcohol on the heart – is defensive

Stroke and heart attacks moderate alcohol consumers and is less likely and less suffering high blood pressure and peripheral artery disease and high blood pressure and Alzheimer’s disease. Drinking restraint and proper manner, one or two doses of alcohol in one day must, and more than that. Moderate drinking is less likely to diabetes include other benefits, fractures, arthritis, stress, depression, digestive disorders, osteoporosis and Parkinson’s disease, and pancreas cancer, and poor perception, and kidney stones, hepatitis, lack of memory and angina, liver disease is high.

Therefore, there are several reasons low alcohol intake. About the health of high levels of alcohol long term effects can be dangerous for many. A generous amount for a health maintenance to ensure a safe and healthy living to do.
Contribute better translation
Google Translate To thank you for contributing your translation suggestion.

What is a good school?

2009-12-22T20:20:00.000-08:00

This text is the question of what a good school, whether and how we can measure the "goodness" of a school and what parents can do to ensure that the education of their children "better." This text deals with the question of what a good school, and how, if we ensure the "goodness" of a school and what parents can do to ensure that the school their children "better."

The approaches of the author, Otto Seydel, not the goals or in recipes for the school, but six criteria that may be useful for evaluating the quality of the school. The approaches of the author, Otto Seydel, not the goals or in recipes for the school, but on six criteria that may be useful for evaluating the quality of the school. These six criteria set high standards for a school, and the author is aware that a school is a utopia. "These six criteria set high standards for a school, and the author is aware that a school of Utopia" is. (see Seydel, 2005, p. 285 ff) "The ideal school, except that only a vision. (see Seydel, 2005, p. 285 ff)" The ideal school, but received only a vision. Any school that has really always trade-offs "(Seydel 2005 S.285f) The actual existing schools should get more commitments" (Seydel 2005 S.285f)

The agreements with the first tests of individual students and their individuality. The agreements with the first tests of individual students and their individuality. Each student should be taken seriously because it is a right to be perceived as a unique individual needs. Each student should be taken seriously because it is a right to be perceived as a unique individual needs. (see Seydel 2005, S.286) (see Seydel 2005, S.286)

The second criterion is that the core must be ensured for all students. The second criterion is that the core must be ensured for all students. A student who can not read, write and count, is the struggle for education and job losses. A student who can not read, write and count, is the fight for free education and employment. (see S.286f Seydel 2005) (see Seydel 2005 S.286f)

The third criterion is that the teaching is to educate and learn, understand. The third criterion is that the teaching is to educate and learn, understand. The school must teach not only knowledge but also learn to understand. The school must teach not only knowledge but also learn to understand. Schools have the task to familiarize students with the basic concepts of culture. Schools have the task to familiarize students with the basic concepts of culture. to make (see Seydel, 2005, p. 287) "Education is the meaning and value of the questions. (see Seydel, 2005, p. 287)" Education is the meaning and value of asking questions. Education put to the test of democracy is possible. (Seydel, 2005, p. 287) the means of education to pass the democracy test. (Seydel, 2005, p. 287)

The fourth criterion is the joy of student performance. The fourth criterion is the joy of student performance. Students should be encouraged to participate in a competition and celebrating their best results ever again. The students must motivate themselves to participate in a competition and celebrating their best results ever again. (see Seydel, 2005, p. 287) (see Seydel, 2005, p. 287)

Number five criteria calls for a school on probation in the community. Number five criteria calls for a school on probation in the community. "A good school is more than a place of learning." (Seydel, 2005, p. 287) In school, the children and young people the experience that they are interested and where they are needed. "A good school is more than a place of learning." (Seydel, 2005, p. 287) In school, the children and young people the experience that they are interested and where they are needed. The values that will give the school must, they are rarely suitable for the theme. The values that will give the school must, they are rarely suitable for the theme. In everyday needs, school autonomy, solidarity and willingness to be lived by all parties. In everyday needs, school autonomy, solidarity and willingness to be lived by all parties. (see S.287f Seydel 2005) (see Seydel 2005 S.287f)

The sixth criterion is that a good school is a learning institution. The sixth criterion is that a good school is a learning institution. "The school should also be an example of learning to deal with the same seriousness that will give children and young people." (Seydel, 2005, S.288) The school has the autonomy required to changing conditions and justice, that is power, his work never done. "The school should also be an example of learning to deal with the same seriousness that will give children and young people." (Seydel, 2005, S.288) The school has the autonomy required to changing conditions and justice, that is power, his work never done. (see Seydel 2005, S.288) (see Seydel 2005, S.288)
This raises the question of whether and how to measure the quality of a school. This raises the question of whether and how to measure the quality of a school.

Not measure the number of schools ", but their quality, because education is much more than in PISA and school statistics are measured. Do not measure the number of schools", but their quality, because education is much more than in PISA and school statistics are measured. Andreas Schleicher, coordinator of the PISA study, said: "The data are our friends, but also the best friends you never the whole truth." But there are four methods of evaluation, in which data can be obtained for the school. Andreas Schleicher, coordinator of the PISA study, said: "The data are our friends, but also the best friends you never the whole truth." But there are four methods of evaluation, in which data can be obtained for the school. The school data is not difficult to evaluate the pedagogical, but "what comes at the end. Testbasierende school comparisons make the comparison of measurable school performance car makes, as they evaluate their own concerns of school self-chosen criteria. The school data is not difficult the educational assessment, but "what comes at the end. Comparisons School Testbasierende take the comparison of academic performance before measurable, while the self-assessment relates to the assessment of their own school, self-selected criteria. External evaluation is the assessment of the "out" on, as most of their errors are detected less rapidly. External evaluation is the assessment of the "out" on, as most of their errors are detected less rapidly. (see Seydel 2005, S.288-292) (see Seydel 2005, S.288-292)

There is now the question arises, what can parents do to ensure that their child is the school "better". Parents must contact the school or help them. There is now the question arises, what can parents do to ensure that their child is the school better. "Parents should be involved in school lubricate or assistance. It Be Now the mothers who participated at the bread in the big leap, or the parents at the weekend with the renovation of the school. Now we want to smear the mother's daily bread in the large stressed anchor, or the parents at the weekend with the renovation of the school involved. (see Seydel, 2005, p. 292) "successful schools in the fact that the classroom door open for visits by parents - and support - almost - is always open . (Seydel, 2005, p. 293) Another item is the "recognition" of the teacher. (see Seydel, 2005, p. 292) "successful schools were in the fact that the door to teaching parental visits and the Support almost - - is always open emphasized. "(Seydel, 2005, p. 293) Another item is the" recognition "of the teacher. This on starts is spoken at home by the tone in which the teacher begins. This The process of spoken at home in what tone of the teacher. It is important that parents actively involved in conflict situations face to teachers and to solve the problem. It is important that parents actively involved in conflict situations face to teachers and to solve the problem. It should actively support any flood of accusations, but a range of teachers in the subsequent implementation of a new solution. It should not support any flood of accusations, but an offer for teachers in implementing a new solution to an active contribution. It is Important to know that teachers want to be praised. It is important to know that teachers want to be praised. (see Seydel, 2005, p. 292f) "The more a teacher in their work, feeling valued, plus an greater appreciation and respect, you can trust him to go to the Prophet and adolescents. "(Seydel, 2005, p. 293) (see Seydel, 2005, p. 292f)" The more a teacher in their work honored, valued and have respect anymore, you can trust him to the Prophet and adolescents. "(Seydel, 2005, p. 293)

A second, a second abstract summary

According to Seydel (2005, p. 285) restricts the criteria of a good school, not just hard facts and measurable, but also soft, subjective points that can be made concrete through various valuation techniques. According to Seydel (2005, p. 285) restricts the criteria of a good school, not just hard facts and measurable, but also soft, subjective points that can be made concrete through various valuation techniques.

Seydel specifically the question of what constitutes a good school and holds six criteria can be evaluated with the help of a quality school: Seydel specifically the question of what constitutes a good school, and six criteria by which the quality of a school can be judged:

* "The individual attention and the demand is a key aspect [...]" (Seydel, 2005, p. 286). "The individual attention and the demand is a key aspect [...]" (Seydel, 2005, p. 286). According to Seydel the basis for the actions of the school should first of the needs of students. According to Seydel the basis for the actions of the school should first of the needs of students. The government and the regulatory requirements, such as curriculum, and the law to try the school nachgereiht the individuality of the students the best possible support. The government and the regulatory requirements, such as curriculum, and the law to try the school nachgereiht the individuality of the students the best possible support.
* The main purpose of the school must teach needed skills for the later life of every student and every student. The main goal of the school must teach the skills needed for the later life of every student and every student. In this context it is particularly necessary to support individual students (p. 286f) in. In this context it is particularly necessary to support individual students (p. 286f) in.
* "The school should teach not only knowledge, but should be [... Teaching] understanding" (Seydel, 2005, p. 287). "Schools must teach not only knowledge, but should be [... Teaching] understanding" (Seydel, 2005, p. 287). According to Seydel the task of the school is far beyond the knowledge broker. According to Seydel the task of the school is far beyond the knowledge broker. Has a key role with regard to education, raised mainly questions about the meaning and value "(Seydel, 2005, p. 287), and developing and promoting together the personal conditions for a functioning society. A key element in ensuring the Education must, in particular, raised questions about the meaning and value "(Seydel, 2005, p. 287), and together the development and promotion of the personal conditions for a functioning society.
* The goal is to motivate students to improve themselves and overcome their own performance and again and again. The goal is to encourage pupils to improve, to overcome themselves and their own performance and to motivate again. Are being managed in a working-class culture, which mainly focuses on the substantive results of the work of children and [...] only in second place in the competitive evaluation (Seydel, 2005, p. 287). Being "in a working-class managed culture, which is mainly focused on the substantive results of the work of children and [...] only in second place in the competitive evaluation (Seydel, 2005, p. 287).
* "[...] A good school is a place for children and young people live where they enjoy the community and try to democracy "(Seydel, 2005, p. 287). "[...] A good school is a place for children and young people live where they enjoy the community and try to democracy "(Seydel, 2005, p. 287). Learning social skills and the right to work around the other must be an integral part of individual schools. Learning social skills and the right to work around the other must be an integral part of individual schools.
* The driving force for school improvement must come from the school. The driving force for school improvement must come from the school. In addition, the schools must also be willing to take responsibility and adapt to constantly changing conditions and bases (p. 288). In addition, the schools must also be willing to take responsibility and adapt to constantly changing conditions and bases (p. 288).

With regard to the objective assessment of the quality of the schools that Seydel said the above criteria can be difficult to measure quantitatively. With regard to the objective assessment of the quality of the schools that Seydel said the above criteria can be difficult to measure quantitatively. This would be a prerequisite for the quality of individual schools compared with others and be able to create a quality ranking. This would be a prerequisite for the quality of individual schools compared with others and be able to create a quality ranking. He also notes that the successful formation of the "single school aid - not only produces" (Seydel, 2005, p. 289). He also notes that a successful training, "only to the school - not by itself" (Seydel, 2005, p. 289).

To make the quality of schools, but can be in any form and especially the quality of individual schools to improve, with the help of comparative data, Seydel propose four different methods for obtaining these data: To make the quality of schools but can be in any form and especially the quality of individual schools to improve, with the help of comparative data, Seydel propose four different methods to obtain such data:

* Harte School Data School data Harte
In this context, the final statement of results at school and not the process of learning and action is valued in the school. In this context, the final statement of results at school and not the process of learning and action is valued in the school. The numerical detection of the number of "school objector", the "stick, etc., can send first information to each school to be compared with other schools (p. 290). The numbers record the number of" rejected the school " that stick to ', etc., the first information can give to all schools in comparison with other schools (p. 290).
* Proof of the school about the comparisons on comparisons of school test based on
This process "refers to a comparison of measurable school performance and competition" (Seydel, 2005, p. 290). This process "refers to a comparison of measurable school performance and competition" (Seydel, 2005, p. 290). Several comparative studies or known PISA schools the opportunity to compare with other schools. Several comparative studies or known PISA schools the opportunity to compare with other schools. At the same time, however, Seydel also notes that these methods, the risk that the performance test as the sole criterion for the quality of schools (p. schulleistungsorientieren tested 290F). At the same time, however, Seydel also notes that these methods, the risk that the performance test as the sole criterion for the quality of schools (p. schulleistungsorientieren tested 290F).
* Auto-Auto
The assessment of individuals and institutions that are somehow in contact with the school opened its doors to the schools, their strengths and weaknesses and make improvements (p. 291). The assessment of individuals and institutions that are somehow in contact with the school opened its doors to schools for their strengths and weaknesses, and improvements (p. 291).
* External Evaluation External Evaluation
As discovered in this process, the self-assessment, not all deficiencies are, it is also necessary to Seydel, schulunabhängige educational institutions, an evaluation of the schools (p. 291). As discovered in this process, the self-assessment, not all deficiencies are, it is necessary to Seydel, schulunabhängige institutions to carry out the evaluation of schools (p. 291).

For further improvement of schools for Seydel, it is also necessary for the parents of the students actively involved in school (p. 292) and that the growing recognition of the profession in society (p. 293). For further improvement of schools for Seydel, which is for the parents of the students actively involved in school (p. 292) is necessary and that recognition takes the teaching profession in society (p. 293).

A third summary of the third summary

According to Seydel (2005, p. 285) is not always easy to measure the quality of schools. According to Seydel (2005, p. 285) is not always easy to measure the quality of the school. The observer is known as a rule, a couple of corners and can lead to a false picture. The observer is known as a rule, a couple of corners and can lead to a false picture. Daily comparisons are often subjective and can not be used as measurable indicators of the quality of a school. Daily comparisons are often subjective and can not be used as measurable indicators of the quality of a school. In his article, Seydel presents six criteria that may be useful for evaluating a school. In his article, Seydel presents six criteria that may be useful for evaluating a school.

Criterion 1

As a "good schools" are educational institutions that are fair and promote the individuality of each student. As a "good schools" are educational institutions that are fair and promote the individuality of each student. Idea is not on the curriculum or education serves as a guide to consider, but to adapt teaching to students. Idea is not on the curriculum or education serves as a guide to consider, but to adapt teaching to students.

Criterion 2 Criterion 2

Another important element is to guarantee to ensure basic skills for all students and (...) "show that at the end of each school - actually everyone - students enough writing and arithmetic." Another important element is to provide fundamental knowledge for all students and to ensure (...) can "show that at the end of each school - actually everyone - students enough writing and arithmetic." (Seydel, 2005, p. 286) (Seydel, 2005, p. 286)

Criterion 3 Criterion 3

Good teaching means Seydel, education, care of curiosity, understanding and protection of education acquired. Good teaching means Seydel, education, care of curiosity, understanding and protection of education acquired. Not only teaching, but at all levels of education need to understand. Not only teach, but at all levels of education need to understand.

Criterion 4

A good school is to promote the perception of his abilities. A good school is to promote the perception of his abilities. There are the personal learning outcomes and learning situations are highlighted by the students. There are the personal learning outcomes and learning situations are highlighted by the students. Students should be encouraged to express their personal best and constantly redefine themselves. Students should be encouraged to express their personal best and constantly redefine themselves. After Seyde (2005, p. 287), should be considered important results of the work, but does not work, and dozens of other classmates. According Sayda (2005, p. 287), should be considered important results of the work, but does not work, and dozens of other classmates.

Criterion 5 Criterion 5

The criterion, according to the penultimate Seyde social skills of pupils and students. The criterion, according to the penultimate Seyde social skills of pupils and students. A good school is a place of life for children, where they can experience the community and try to democracy. A good school is a place of life for children, where they can experience the community and try to democracy. These children are aware that they are an important part of society a better future. These children are aware that they are an important part of society a better future. It should also be clear that everyone can contribute, and that certain rules and regulations must be observed. It should also be clear that everyone can contribute, and that certain rules and regulations must be observed. Sayda says that "responsibility, solidarity learn, support, care and compassion into daily life in school and to be learned" (Sayda, 2005, p. 288), which are extremely important for society. Sayda says that "responsibility, solidarity learn, support, care and compassion into daily life in school and to be learned" (Sayda, 2005, p. 288), which are extremely important for society.

Criterion 6 Criterion 6

A good school is characterized by the fact that they can react to changes, and welcomes the reforms. A good school is characterized by the fact that they can react to changes, and welcomes the reforms. Good schools should be able to respond to changing conditions and requirements are based. Good schools should be able to respond to changing conditions and requirements are based.

Sayda says in his article that the quality of the school is not easy to understand. Sayda says in his article that the quality of the school is not easy to understand. Statistics from the school or the PISA studies, have little meaning for him. Statistics from the school or the PISA studies, have little meaning for him. Given the number and complexity of a classification of schools is always a high degree of uncertainty. Given the number and complexity of a classification of schools is always a high degree of uncertainty. The purpose of these comparisons should be to develop internally the quality of individual schools. The purpose of these comparisons should be to develop internally the quality of individual schools. According Sayda (2005, p. 291), the Self is one of the main components of the evaluation of schools. According Sayda (2005, p. 291), the Self is one of the main components of the evaluation of schools. Do one of the vulnerabilities discovered and dismantled. Do one of the vulnerabilities discovered and dismantled. (Self-Assessment Questionnaire online at: http://www.blickueberdenzaun.de). (Self-Assessment Questionnaire online at: http://www.blickueberdenzaun.de). Even the exterior design is very important for a school. Even the exterior design is very important for a school. Parents can participate and contribute to improving the learning conditions in schools. Parents can participate and contribute to improving the learning conditions in schools.

Seyde to show his vision for an educational mission that is very difficult to implement. Seyde to show his vision for an educational mission that is very difficult to implement. However, it is stated that "it can be so demanding mission statement is not a good pedagogy, and (...) that is consistently driven by a crazed plan to get in a whole new space (...)" (2005, S 285). However, it is stated that "it may be, is not as challenging mission, a good plan, pedagogy, and (...) driven by persistent which is like a madman, can (...) in a whole new city to achieve" ( 2005, p. 285).

how do fiber optics work?

2009-12-17T04:03:00.000-08:00

Fiber optics works the same way as any conventional information-transfer system. You need something to send the signal to carry the signal, and some receive and decode the signal.

A fiber optic relay system consists of four parts, the transmitter, the optical fiber, an optical generator and an optical receiver. The transmitter collects and encrypts the information, and is the main signal through the optical fiber. The visual as a generator step-up transformer in electrical systems. It increases the signal to make amends with signal loss. Finally, the receiver receives and decodes the information and converts it into a form that can be detected by the receiver.

when is plenum cable required?

2009-12-17T03:53:00.000-08:00

The plenum space is hidden in a building that is used for HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) and cables.

Plenum space above a suspended ceiling is normal or below a raised floor. Buildings without plenum spaces will have wiring and HVAC ducts in sight.

Plenum cable is cable that is rated to run through plenum spaces.

Plenum cable must meet two requirements to meet most fire codes:

* Plenum cable must not burn easily
* Plenum cable must not emit toxic fumes when exposed to extreme heat

Because of these requirements, plenum cable is usually more expensive than non-plenum cable. Plenum cable is also more stiff and difficult to work with than regular network.

Most plenum cable is coated with Teflon or PVC

What is the suitable time to make my house?

2009-12-17T03:17:00.000-08:00

What is the suitable time to make your house?Ok read the article -----

With home values falling and the mortgage market still in a crisis you would think that Billie and Rodney Wylde plans to build your dream home in North Carolina would refrigerator – at least until the market stabilizes.

Not a chance. The thirtysomethings are set to pour the foundation for a 2,100-square-foot house with a porch enclosure in East Bend, a few miles from where he lives today. Estimated Construction Cost: $ 140,000.

The best hope to move as soon as November. “All the media talk about this crisis,” says Billie, an elementary school counselor. “But it is really a great time to build.”

You’re right. Behind the dark clouds hanging over the housing market is a very convincing silver lining: The cost of building the house of your dreams is down. “If one or two years costs $ 300,000 to build a custom home, today would cost tens of thousands less,” says Jim Haughey, chief economist at Reed Construction Data.

Why? The question of dry new home, the price of some building materials began to sink like a poorly laid foundation. Manufacture of wood is 18% cheaper than it was 18 months ago, while sales of plasterboard is 40% less.

And because overloading developers took too much land during the bubble – and are motivated to sell – some lots are becoming dirt cheap. Land prices (often the biggest cost for custom homes) in some areas have fallen more than 20% in the last year or two.

“In terms of finding the country you want at a great price, this is the best on the market that I’ve seen in my 30 years to build houses,” says Carl Held Mann, builder and author of Be Your Own House Contractor .

Contractors, meanwhile, are fighting for their business through a 34% drop in starts of new homes. “Because of the delay, we get bids from subcontractors in accordance with our price,” says Billie, 34. “Not that you should get on the waiting list a subcontractor for six months.”

Of course, building a house is not something light to carry. It is a huge commitment – of time and money. Just because prices are relatively cheap now does not mean you should rush out and break new ground, especially since a bad dream a nightmare thinking can quickly.

On the other hand, if you always wanted to own a home and many are willing to work hard, do today’s market makes it easier and cheaper to implement their plans. Here is your plan:

Putting a price on your dream

When you buy an existing house, the process is simple: Calculate how much you can spend. After leaving the domestic market to see how much of that budget will buy. For your own home can be achieved in different ways. Maybe you’ve always wanted a sunroom or a private terrace from the master suite. You may not have any idea how expensive these features or how much it costs to start building a house.

So you have a rough estimate – the first step to see if you imagine the kind of house you can afford. Start by talking with contractors and consultants of building homes in your area.

If you decide to order a custom home, you need to interview firms to help it. Ask them to show you the projects that have worked in the neighborhood and give you options of different prices.

You can also use the online tools available to help. In the construction cost.net you a detailed list of prices for custom homes based on dozens of factors, including size, shape, features, materials and location.

Understand the financing

Before spending a dime on an architect or land, take the next step: determining how much you can borrow for a pre-approval to obtain a loan. It is an ambiguous figure who can lead your schedule.

“Many people do it backwards,” says Jim Pair, Vice President of the National Association of Mortgage Brokers. “Then they find they can not afford to build what they want when they want.”

You should also know how the custom-house financing. This is one of two parts: First, take a construction loan that the cost of land and the building covers. These loans work like credit lines: Money will be distributed by your lender in periodic “points” as they are by the various stages of construction. These are variable rate loans usually come around to a point on the prime rate, now 6% (compared with 8.25% one years ago). Then when you’re ready to move to complete his house, the loan into a permanent mortgage.

What if mortgage rates will peak by the time construction is complete? You can protect yourself by going with a structure called a permanent loan in place. These plans allow you to get approved for loans simultaneously. This way you lock in an attractive rate permanent mortgage.

If rates go down, you can still protect themselves. Some lenders offer one-time “floating” provision on construction loans of Perm. You would have to pay a point or more in closing costs for this peace of mind.

Scout out the land

Most communities, even in densely populated areas, has a number of land released for sale. But it is likely to get good deals where there is oversupply. This can lead to less-developed areas.

While you can buy the lots through a real estate office – available parcels are included in multiple listing services – to work with an agent experienced in the country. This agent will help you evaluate and decide how much to offer.

It will be two basic types of land released to choose from: raw land zoned for housing and many already are useful compounds.

From raw land may be cheaper, but it is complications. Thus, the soil be tested to confirm that it is very difficult to build and a big piece of the rock foundation on which to deal. You also have to ensure that the parcel is zoned for housing. These are things you must have an agent do for you – but make sure they agree with the writing.

Mount the design

For only $ 1000 can buy a ready-made plans available in books or on sites like DreamHomeSource.com and eplans.com. Although the use of a cookie-cutter mold to stop the practice of home may not sound appealing, these Web sites offer hundreds or thousands in some cases of the various design options.

You want a two-story, four bedroom, three bath home between 2,000 and 3,000 square meters with a two-car garage? A recent search resulted in 1492 eplans.com different plans. You can add or change out the maintenance of these plans – in DreamHomeSource.com, for example, the cost of adding a fireplace in your living room design starts at $ 90 and return to a simple kitchen design to start at $ 150.

For some, this is not enough. Take John and Mylee Sjödin, Texans that the construction of a 2.419-square-foot house 25 miles west of Austin. January, 35, and Mylee, 37, started with the ready-to-retention plans. But after realizing their tastes were too specific – the couple wants to build a house of friendship with the environment – they hired someone to their “green” home design.

It is not cheap: The Sjödin so far have paid $ 20,000 in fees (architectural costs vary and can eat about 10% or more of the cost). But “our designer has been great in helping us find a way to build cheaper without compromising quality,” says Mylee.

He suggested changing a window placements, which will lower air conditioning bills in the hot summers of Texas. It also recommended the replacement of a full garage with a garage roof.

Whatever you choose, remember: You’re not just building for your taste, you probably sell at some point in the future. So keep resale in mind. For example, while adding a home theater increase the value of your home – you do not like a good movie? – An indoor basketball court not much appeal.

Put your team

The most important member of its construction is the general contractor supervising the project and refers to the inevitable bumps that can fray nerves and lead to cost overruns (not surprised if your budget is about 10% – typical). Ask local lenders for people who have worked with or consulted with the National A

Publish Post

ssociation of Home Builders (nahb.org) cable.

Even if you choose your own GC, professional coaching search. Really. A contractor may consult with a useful function: helping your subcontractors. Among the framing carpenters, plumbing contractors, electricians, roofers, drywall installers and painters, have all the help we can get.

If your own general contractor?

You can reduce your construction costs by up to 25% if you act as your own general contractor and take responsibility for keeping the project on track – and on budget. But not everyone is meant as a GC. Consider these factors before taking the helm:

It is a time of suction. You need to budget as much as 15 to 20 hours per week on planning for an interview with the equipment, raw material prices and ensure that all necessary permits are present. Once construction starts, plan at least one or two hours a day – paying bills, working hours and occasionally visit the site – a performance which is difficult to achieve for anyone who has a fulltime job.

It takes a little expertise. Maybe you know the difference between a flap valve and a colored ball. Well, just because you can fix a toilet does not necessarily mean that he qualified for an effective GC. It is true that project management is the most work. But once the hands on experience in housing or renovation can help vocational and negotiate with qualified subcontractors.

It is not a solitary exercise. Lenders generally require builders to hire rookie owner of a general recruitment consultant to see her again. Even if you do not have to rent, it is a good idea. Consultants, as can be contracted by BuildMax or UBuildIt can learn how to apply for permits to appropriate materials and even hire equipment working
With home values falling and the mortgage market still in a crisis you would think that Billie and Rodney Wylde plans to build your dream home in North Carolina would refrigerator – at least until the market stabilizes.

Not a chance. The thirtysomethings are set to pour the foundation for a 2,100-square-foot house with a porch enclosure in East Bend, a few miles from where he lives today. Estimated Construction Cost: $ 140,000.

The best hope to move as soon as November. “All the media talk about this crisis,” says Billie, an elementary school counselor. “But it is really a great time to build.”

You’re right. Behind the dark clouds hanging over the housing market is a very convincing silver lining: The cost of building the house of your dreams is down. “If one or two years costs $ 300,000 to build a custom home, today would cost tens of thousands less,” says Jim Haughey, chief economist at Reed Construction Data.

Why? The question of dry new home, the price of some building materials began to sink like a poorly laid foundation. Manufacture of wood is 18% cheaper than it was 18 months ago, while sales of plasterboard is 40% less.

And because overloading developers took too much land during the bubble – and are motivated to sell – some lots are becoming dirt cheap. Land prices (often the biggest cost for custom homes) in some areas have fallen more than 20% in the last year or two.

“In terms of finding the country you want at a great price, this is the best on the market that I’ve seen in my 30 years to build houses,” says Carl Held Mann, builder and author of Be Your Own House Contractor .

Contractors, meanwhile, are fighting for their business through a 34% drop in starts of new homes. “Because of the delay, we get bids from subcontractors in accordance with our price,” says Billie, 34. “Not that you should get on the waiting list a subcontractor for six months.”

Of course, building a house is not something light to carry. It is a huge commitment – of time and money. Just because prices are relatively cheap now does not mean you should rush out and break new ground, especially since a bad dream a nightmare thinking can quickly.

On the other hand, if you always wanted to own a home and many are willing to work hard, do today’s market makes it easier and cheaper to implement their plans. Here is your plan:

Putting a price on your dream

When you buy an existing house, the process is simple: Calculate how much you can spend. After leaving the domestic market to see how much of that budget will buy. For your own home can be achieved in different ways. Maybe you’ve always wanted a sunroom or a private terrace from the master suite. You may not have any idea how expensive these features or how much it costs to start building a house.

So you have a rough estimate – the first step to see if you imagine the kind of house you can afford. Start by talking with contractors and consultants of building homes in your area.

If you decide to order a custom home, you need to interview firms to help it. Ask them to show you the projects that have worked in the neighborhood and give you options of different prices.

You can also use the online tools available to help. In the construction cost.net you a detailed list of prices for custom homes based on dozens of factors, including size, shape, features, materials and location.

Understand the financing

Before spending a dime on an architect or land, take the next step: determining how much you can borrow for a pre-approval to obtain a loan. It is an ambiguous figure who can lead your schedule.

“Many people do it backwards,” says Jim Pair, Vice President of the National Association of Mortgage Brokers. “Then they find they can not afford to build what they want when they want.”

You should also know how the custom-house financing. This is one of two parts: First, take a construction loan that the cost of land and the building covers. These loans work like credit lines: Money will be distributed by your lender in periodic “points” as they are by the various stages of construction. These are variable rate loans usually come around to a point on the prime rate, now 6% (compared with 8.25% one years ago). Then when you’re ready to move to complete his house, the loan into a permanent mortgage.

What if mortgage rates will peak by the time construction is complete? You can protect yourself by going with a structure called a permanent loan in place. These plans allow you to get approved for loans simultaneously. This way you lock in an attractive rate permanent mortgage.

If rates go down, you can still protect themselves. Some lenders offer one-time “floating” provision on construction loans of Perm. You would have to pay a point or more in closing costs for this peace of mind.

Scout out the land

Most communities, even in densely populated areas, has a number of land released for sale. But it is likely to get good deals where there is oversupply. This can lead to less-developed areas.

While you can buy the lots through a real estate office – available parcels are included in multiple listing services – to work with an agent experienced in the country. This agent will help you evaluate and decide how much to offer.

It will be two basic types of land released to choose from: raw land zoned for housing and many already are useful compounds.

From raw land may be cheaper, but it is complications. Thus, the soil be tested to confirm that it is very difficult to build and a big piece of the rock foundation on which to deal. You also have to ensure that the parcel is zoned for housing. These are things you must have an agent do for you – but make sure they agree with the writing.

Mount the design

For only $ 1000 can buy a ready-made plans available in books or on sites like DreamHomeSource.com and eplans.com. Although the use of a cookie-cutter mold to stop the practice of home may not sound appealing, these Web sites offer hundreds or thousands in some cases of the various design options.

You want a two-story, four bedroom, three bath home between 2,000 and 3,000 square meters with a two-car garage? A recent search resulted in 1492 eplans.com different plans. You can add or change out the maintenance of these plans – in DreamHomeSource.com, for example, the cost of adding a fireplace in your living room design starts at $ 90 and return to a simple kitchen design to start at $ 150.

For some, this is not enough. Take John and Mylee Sjödin, Texans that the construction of a 2.419-square-foot house 25 miles west of Austin. January, 35, and Mylee, 37, started with the ready-to-retention plans. But after realizing their tastes were too specific – the couple wants to build a house of friendship with the environment – they hired someone to their “green” home design.

It is not cheap: The Sjödin so far have paid $ 20,000 in fees (architectural costs vary and can eat about 10% or more of the cost). But “our designer has been great in helping us find a way to build cheaper without compromising quality,” says Mylee.

He suggested changing a window placements, which will lower air conditioning bills in the hot summers of Texas. It also recommended the replacement of a full garage with a garage roof.

Whatever you choose, remember: You’re not just building for your taste, you probably sell at some point in the future. So keep resale in mind. For example, while adding a home theater increase the value of your home – you do not like a good movie? – An indoor basketball court not much appeal.

Put your team

The most important member of its construction is the general contractor supervising the project and refers to the inevitable bumps that can fray nerves and lead to cost overruns (not surprised if your budget is about 10% – typical). Ask local lenders for people who have worked with or consulted with the National Association of Home Builders (nahb.org) cable.

Even if you choose your own GC, professional coaching search. Really. A contractor may consult with a useful function: helping your subcontractors. Among the framing carpenters, plumbing contractors, electricians, roofers, drywall installers and painters, have all the help we can get.

If your own general contractor?

You can reduce your construction costs by up to 25% if you act as your own general contractor and take responsibility for keeping the project on track – and on budget. But not everyone is meant as a GC. Consider these factors before taking the helm:

It is a time of suction. You need to budget as much as 15 to 20 hours per week on planning for an interview with the equipment, raw material prices and ensure that all necessary permits are present. Once construction starts, plan at least one or two hours a day – paying bills, working hours and occasionally visit the site – a performance which is difficult to achieve for anyone who has a fulltime job.

It takes a little expertise. Maybe you know the difference between a flap valve and a colored ball. Well, just because you can fix a toilet does not necessarily mean that he qualified for an effective GC. It is true that project management is the most work. But once the hands on experience in housing or renovation can help vocational and negotiate with qualified subcontractors.

It is not a solitary exercise. Lenders generally require builders to hire rookie owner of a general recruitment consultant to see her again. Even if you do not have to rent, it is a good idea. Consultants, as can be contracted by BuildMax or UBuildIt can learn how to apply for permits to appropriate materials and even hire equipment working

Article from:http://2consume.com/what-is-the-switable-time-to-make-my-house.html

what are the benefits of the osi model?

2009-12-15T11:26:00.000-08:00

what are the benefits of the osi model?
The standard model for network protocols and distributed applications is the OSI model of network layers -7.

The layers of the OSI level of abstraction.

Each layer is a different set of opportunities and the intention was to each layer as independent as possible from all others.

Each layer uses the information from the lower layer and provides a service for e layer above.
[Edit]
The main advantages of the network layers

1. Hide Info
2. Decoupling change.
3. Break complex problems into smaller manageable pieces
4. Abstraction of implementation details.
1. Separation of specifications and performance.
2. Can the execution until the department will continue to change interface
5. Can functionality
1. Upper layers can share lower layer functionality

will networks that are built following the osi model be identical?

2009-12-15T11:21:00.000-08:00

will networks that are built following the osi model be identical? Please

post your answer...

how to read resistor color code?

2009-12-15T08:23:00.000-08:00

how to read resistor color code?Ok read the article..

Example 4-color code
Before you can turn the color code in the resistance value, one must first make sure that you read the color rings in the correct order.
5600 Ohms = 5.6 kOhmDer first color ring is the one who was served very briefly in the edge of the casing. If the resistance is large enough body, is the fourth ring, indicating the tolerance level should be slightly apart.
The resistance arises from a two digit number (IEC) number that multiplied by the decade, our example:
1. Ring: Green = 5
2. Ring: Blue = 6
3. Ring: red = returns 10 ² = 100: 56th 100 = 5 600 W (pronounced Ohm)
4. Ring: gold = ± 5% tolerance

5% from 5 600 are 280, i.e. The nominal value of 5 600 W may in fact be up to 280 W small (5 320 W) or greater than 280 W (5 820 W).

The resulting value is 5 600 W. We have to keep:
Figures> 1 000 W to 1 kW in (read: convert 1 kg W)
Figures> 1 000 000 W to 1 MW in (ie: 1 Mega Watts) format.
What is the final result of 5.6 kW.

Example 5-color code
5 600 Ohms = 5.6 Ohms = 5k6 has a resistance five colored rings, thus forming a three-digit number, multiplied with the appropriate power of ten, the resistance value.
1. Ring: Green = 5
2. Ring: Blue = 6
3. Ring: black = 0
4. Ring: brown = 101 = 10 gives: 560th 10 = 5 600 W
5. Ring: red = ± 2% Tolerance
Bottom line: 5.6 kW / ± 2% Tolerance

Transformation of a number in the color code
The following resistance value should be coded: 4.7 MW / 5%
1. Step: Convert to W = 4 700 000
2. Step Set: Two-digit number and magnitude
47 ... which we must multiply the 47, so 4 700 000
arise?
47. 100 000 = 47th 105 = 4 700 000
3. Step: 1 Ring = 4 = yellow
2. Ring = 7 = purple
3. Ring = 5 = green
4. Ring = 5% = gold

The value is 3 W at 2% tolerance.
1. Step: Convert to a two-digit number = 30
2. Step ... with which we must multiply the factor 30, thus 3 ensteht? 30th 0.1 = 30th 10-1 = 3
3. Step: 1 Ring = 3 = orange
2. Ring = 0 = black
3. Ring = -1 = gold
4. Ring = 2% = red

Exercises & Worksheets
Load the color code for decrypting the program Widcode (program into a directory and start from there - does not apply when using Internet Explorer)
Some conversion functions are on OHM1, Ohm2 and Ohm3.
Form for the entry of the color code
Form for the entry of the IEC series

IEC series
An IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) number indicates the variation of the nominal value within a decade.
In E6, the earliest series, there are six 0-10 denominations and a tolerance of 20%. In the E12 it's the spirit 12 denominations and 10% in the E24 .....
It has been with the help of Ohm's law, a resistance value of eg Buy a calculated 64 W, it will be this resistance but can not. According to E24, there are only 62 W in trade or 68 W.
The numbers in the series were chosen so that it is due to the tolerance to minor overlaps. Do you need an exact value, one must resort to trimming potentiometers or spindle trimmers.

Building muscle

2009-12-14T20:58:00.000-08:00

Building muscle does not happen overnight but there are some key tricks to the top way to build muscle. You must have a fool proof plan to speedily build muscle. Without a plan you are just wasting time with your body which can actually create some negative effects upon it. If you do not know how to make a good weight lifting plan, talk to a personal trainer who can lend a hand you with a basic weightlifting program for beginners.

Generating a Basic Weightlifting Plan of attack

This plan to construct muscles fast should without a doubt state which muscle groups you will be aiming for and the days you will be working them out on, making sure that there is a clear recovery phase for each muscle group. You should also talk to your personal trainer regarding precise exercises that construct muscle quick rather than movements that work various muscles at a time. Having a precise muscle like your pecks in mind and trying to construct this area as fast as possible while doing this the natural way,.

Sidestep Injury

Frankly all muscles can be built quicker if the exercise is done correctly. If you are not doing the exercises as they should be done, then you are not targeting the muscles that you want to bulk up. As weights are supposed to be heavy and incorrect lifting of weights infact will harm your body and again slow you down and make it that much more demanding to attain your perfect pecs. Being wounded will mean that you have to wait until the muscle is healthy again which means that this healing time will take a long time. If you do the exercise properly, you can avoid time taken out for injury and unproductive weight training.
Also with an injury, think of the time lost that could have been a gain in you healthy muscle training. During this recovery time the muscle tissue repairs itself by growing the muscle back larger and stronger than it was before. If you do not take this time out, then you run the threat again of injury and you will setback the process of generating larger and stronger muscles.

Weights and Your Muscle

You will never build muscle with miniature weights and you will also never build muscle with weights that are too heavy. Hence, you need to find the ideal weights to help you to achieve your results. These weights ought to make your muscles totally pooped by the time you reach your final rep WITHOUT losing form. If you drop form throughout the exercise, it means that the weights that you are using during the exercise are too heavy. Once the accurate weights are selected, in about 6 weeks you will have to reconsider the weight, to continue growing your muscles.

Diet Regime

Your diet throughout the weight lifting program will affect your weightlifting results extremely. If you do not have sufficient protein in your diet, it will be increasingly difficult for your muscles to bulk up since it is a key element to growing muscle. Keep in mind not to over eat that is not the key and will not help you to achieve your muscle gain, the key is 6 tiny servings per day lots of protein and carbs are only for energy not to fill you up. If you stick to a high protein diet, with carbohydrates for energy before working out and eating 6 small meals a day, then you will be able to experience one of the top ways to build muscle.

Successful fat loss programs

2009-06-12T20:47:00.000-07:00

Five principles to add to your strength training program to get that esponse are:

1) Programming: When you set out to achieve something you usually plan for it, correct? If you wanted to be successful with it you would. If your goal or desire is to drop some body fat, you must plan or program for it. Know what each workout is going to consist of. Know what exercises you're going to do, how many sets, how many reps and how long the rest period is going to be. Your workouts should look like those of any successful fat burning program. Just following any program from some newsstand magazine may not get you the results that you're searching for.

2) Use Compound Movements: If you're spending a good portion of your time doing triceps pressdowns or standing calf raises as part of a fat loss program, you're wasting your time. The goals of any fat loss program should be to elevate your metabolism during and post workout. Part of achieving this rise in metabolism is performing exercises that are demanding and place stress on more than one muscle group at a time. Muscle is a metabolically active tissue. So if more can be recruited at one time a spike in metabolism will occur. The bulk of your workouts should be made of compound movements such as: chin ups, incline presses, push ups, deadlifts, squats and lunges. The use of exercises such as pressdowns or calf raises should be used in order to bring up lagging body parts, not to burn fat.

3) Use Short Rest Periods: Successful fat loss programs are based on having short rest intervals between exercises. These short rest intervals have been shown to induce higher levels of blood lactate. In turn, higher levels of blood lactate result in higher levels of circulating growth hormone, your body's number one natural fat burner. The suggested amount of rest between exercises will depend upon the exact program and which exercises are being used. But I would suggest rest intervals of no longer than 90sec. For less demanding exercises, rest intervals can even be cut to 30 seconds or so. This type of training is unlike relative or maximal strength training where rest intervals may last anywhere from 3-5 minutes to allow for recovery of your your central nervous system. Remember, the goal if you're reading this is fat loss. So keep the rest intervals short

4) Intensity: If you want to burn some fat you're going to have to work at. Lifting the cute, pink dumbbells by hardly exerting any effort is not going to get it done for you. Walking on the treadmill at 3mph while reading the latest issue of People magazine is not going to get it done for you. Just because you're moving, it does not mean you're shedding body fat. In order to shed body fat, you must work at a higher intensity level. Working at higher intensity levels will result in an accumulation of blood lactate which, as mentioned before, will stoke the fat burning process

5) Use an alternating set scheme: Use supersets, compound sets or tri-sets as part of your strength training program. One, they are much more efficient for getting more work done in a certain amount of time. Two, using some type of alternating set type of programming will induce higher levels of blood lactate leading to a greater fat burning response. A typical superset made up of two exercises may look like:

A1) Chin Up, rest for 60seconds and then move to A2.

A2) Bulgarian Squat, rest for seconds and go back to A1.

Keep repeating this sequence until the desired number of sets and reps is completed

So there you have it. Five ways to turn your strength training program into a fat loss program.

Rich Ruffing is an NSCA Certified Strength & Conditioning Specialist in Cambridge, MA. For more information about Rich and his services visit http://www.richruffing.com

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Richard_Ruffing

The basis for claim drafting

2009-06-12T20:26:00.000-07:00

The basis for claim drafting is found in the statute, namely 35 USC section 112. This section of the statute states that the specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter for which the applicant regards as his invention.

However, various rules and practices have developed in order to fulfill the mandate of particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter. In general, this means that the claims must define the invention which means the claimed subject matter. Thus, there must be sufficient detail that the patent examiner and subsequently the world of perspective infringers can understand what the claimed subject matter is.

A first rule is that omnibus or formal claims are not permitted in utility patents. For example claims which recite 'my invention substantially as shown and described' or 'any and all features of novelty described' are not permitted in the United States. These types of claims if allowed, would allow too much uncertainty as to the patent coverage. The inventor must define the patent coverage as precisely as circumstances permit.

The reason for demanding certainty in patent coverage is that the world of potential infringers should have a clear understanding of the patent coverage. If uncertainty were permitted in patent coverage, the world of potential infringers would have to guess the extent of the patent coverage that is covered by a particular patent. This is the basis for the duty to define the area to be covered by the patent claims as precisely as circumstances permit.

An analogy can be made with the description of the boundaries for a plot of land. The patent claim drafter must stakeout the precise boundaries of the claim in a manner that is similar to the description for the boundaries for a plot of land.

This concept is extremely useful for the potential infringers but may disadvantage the patentee because the true extent of the usefulness of the patent may not be evident until years in the future. The true extent may extend beyond the description found in the current specification and may not be captured by the literal boundaries that the patentee has set forth in his claims. This conflict is inherent between the potential infringers and the patentee.

Another statue which affects the permitted claim language is 35 USC section 101 which sets out four main categories or pigeonholes of technical subject matter for which utility patents can be granted. The statutory classes are process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter.

Such things as mathematical formulas, bookkeeping systems and articles formed in nature have been held to be unpatentable because they are not found to be within the classes set up by Congress.

A claim regardless how artfully drafted must define the invention in such a way that it fits into one of the statutory classes. A failure to fit into the statutory class may result in a failure of the claim to be patentable.

Ornamental designs and certain agricultural plants are separate statutory classes with different rules.

This does not mean that these things cannot be part of a patent application. These things can be combined with the permitted statutory classes. For example, a device could be controlled by a computer which executes a mathematical formula. The mathematical formula per se cannot be claimed as the patentee's invention. However, the device which operates in accordance with the mathematical formula can be a proper object for claimed subject matter.

Patent Claim Drafting
Wilson Daniel Swayze, Jr.
http://www.patent-application.us

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Dan_Swayze

Reverse Polarity Protection

2008-11-18T09:26:00.000-08:00

Reverse Polarity Protection
Posted: under TUTORIAL.Tags: electrical polarity, polarity, polarity protection [e]
Protection in electronic circuits is crusial factor. especially polarity reverse protection. Can you imagine what happen if our circuit not pretected to reverse polarity supply. All digital IC will be damage, and also electrolit capacitor will blow up. There two simple way to protect the circuit from reverse polarity Read the rest of this entry »

Free Electronics Design Software Download

2008-11-18T09:25:00.000-08:00

Posted: November 16th, 2008 under FREE SOFTWARE.Tags: circuit-software, Download, electronic-software, free-software, Software, Software Download [e]admin at November 16, 2008 : 11:53 am Edit This
-->

Introduction to Free Electronics Design Software
If you are a student or a electronics hobbyist who does not need to have complicated electronics design software to help you in your design work, it is strongly recommended that you consider the following free electronics design software that can be downloaded. There are some software which allow you to use for 30 days or so before you decide to purchase them. However, if you can live with limited feature, you can get a free download without having to pay for a full feature software.
Among some of the free electronics design software that can be downloaded are free pcb software, circuit analysis software and electromagnetic planar structure analysis software.
EAGLE PCB Layout Editor SoftwareThe EAGLE Layout Editor is a free PCB software (see the conditions) which is easy to use, yet powerful tool for designing printed circuit boards (PCBs). The name EAGLE stands for Easily Applicable Graphical Layout Editor. It has 3 main modules which consists of schematic editor, layout editor and autorouter.
ExpressPCB PCB Layout Editor SoftwareThe ExpressPCB schematic and PCB design software is very quick to learn and completely free! Download a fully functional version here.
5Spice Analog Circuit Simulation Software5Spice is a graphical user interface software that offers easy to use analog circuit simulation for the electronic circuit designer. 5Spice provides the analysis capabilities needed by experienced circuit designers while remaining easy to use. The focus is on analog circuit analysis and circuit design at the component level.
FiltersCAD Software For Designing FiltersFiltersCAD is a comprehensive PC based filter synthesis software package that provides active circuit synthesis.
Convert Your PC Into A Dual Trace OscilloscopeConvert your PC into a dual-trace storage oscilloscope and spectrum analyzer. It uses your computer’s sound card as analog-to-digital converter, presenting a real-time waveform or spectrum of the signal - which can be music, speech, or output from an electronic circuit.
Spice III simulator from Linear Technology SwitcherCAD™ III is a high performance Spice III simulator, schematic capture and waveform viewer with enhancements and models for easing the simulation of switching regulators.
Sonnet Lite EM analysis SoftwareSonnet Lite is a free feature-limited version of Sonnet’s professional Sonnet Suite, which provides Electromagnetic analysis that is able to analyse predominantly planar high-frequency designs from 1 MHz through several THz. PCB trace crosstalk analysis, Microstrip matching networks and Microwave circuit discontinuities amongst others can also be analysed.
Multilayer Air Core Inductor CalculatorCalculate the number of turns, DC resistance and other inductor data based on the input data of the inductance, coil inner diameter, coil length and wire gauge.
Resistor Color Code InterpreterEnter the color codes of the resistor and you will get its resistance. This calculator also shows the equivalent values of 2 resistors that are connected in parallel and in series.

This pic c compiler tutorial shows you how to compile MikroC C source code files.

2008-11-17T08:05:00.000-08:00

This pic c compiler tutorial shows you how to re-compile source code using the MikroC compiler - it is not intended as an in depth look at compiling in general.
Re-compilation is only needed to examine or change the code as the ZIP files found on this site already contain the hex file for programming the chip.
MikroC main screen

MikroC has quite a few controls but for this compiler tutorial you only need to consider a few of them.
Re-compiling the source files
Download the ZIP file and extract its contents to your directory e.g. create the directory c:\\mikroC\\.
In this directory you will have files with extensions .c, .h ,.hex ,.ppc. The .ppc is the project file that you select from mikroC using the Open project button:
Open Project
Navigate to your stored files and select the .ppc extension. This loads the project.
Edit Project
If you want to change the project settings e.g. the chip type, oscillator frequency or other chip parameters then hit the 'Edit Project' button :
Compile
Next hit the compile button:
Success
A dialog box will popup showing the compilation status.
When the compile finishes (and if successful) you should see something similar to the following:

Now there should now be a lot more files in the original directory and the hex file will have been updated.

PIC frequency counter circuit Software

2008-11-17T08:01:00.000-08:00

Project files for the PIC frequency counter circuit
Compiler project filesFrequency_counter_4MHz_7seg_tmr1.ppc
C Source files.Frequency_counter_4MHz_7seg_tmr1.cbcd.cdelay.cseven_segment.cgate.c
Header files.def.hbit.hbcd.hdelay.hseven_segment.hgate.h
Output filesFrequency_counter_4MHz_7seg_tmr1.hex
Brief description
Frequency_counter...c : contains the code start point (in routine 'main').
bcd.c : machine code to convert a long to a bcd.
delay.c : code to create fixed delay times.
sevensegment.c : Constant time seven segment refresh update routines.
gate.c : Accurate 1 second time delay while calling 7seg refresh.
bit.h : macros for bit manipulation.
def.h : control for simulation help.
All other header files contain prototypes.
PIC frequency counter circuit code operation.
The code uses the built in LCD driver routines which are automatically included by the compiler. Note automatic include is unusual but it seems to work well in mikroC.
Interrupts are not used only the flags that can be polled (timer overflow) are activated.
Frequency_counter_4MHz_7seg_tmr1.c
This file contains the port initialization and main routine.
After initialization the code enters an endless loop where it continuously performs a measurement and display operation. Throughout the loop the display refresh routine is called (approx every millisecond). Also in main the gate_loop routine is called.
The gate loop is tuned to just below a millisecond so that the caller (in main) can adjust the exact delay taking account of any delays caused by calling the gate loop routine itself.
Note that the timer overflow is polled within the gate loop and the seven segment display is refreshed . Extra statements in the else part of if statements allow constant execution time whether the conditions are true or false. This allows the loop time to be accurately calculated since it always has the same execution time.
gate.c
This file contains the gate loop time measurement routines - the loop time is tuned to 999us so that the caller can calibrate the 1 second delay time (accounting for compiler optimisation and return from call instructions).
The gate_loop routine calls the constant time seven segment display update and also checks (in constant time) the timer 1 overflow counter.
sevensegment.c
This file has the 8 digit seven segment display driver.
The first output from the 4017 is not connected so this acts as the reset state. At every call the next digit is output on port D and the 4017 is advanced one bit by strobing the clock. In this way after each call the next digit is displayed.
All the routines here are made into constant time routines so that the gate loop (the calling routine) can make an accurate 1 second time measurement.
delay.c
Delay routines were created using machine code so that they have a fixed execution time i.e. they do not change as the compiler re-optimizes the code. They are also fixed in memory location to avoid bank change problems.
bcd.c
This routine was created in machine code to save space on the smaller chips and it also results in faster code than using the built in routines for long multiply and divide.
It uses the Add 3 method to convert the unsigned long into an ASCII value that can be displayed on the LCD.
For this project the routine is split into separate processing functions
ulong2bcd_p1(df);ulong2bcd_process(void);
The second routine is called 8 times so that the seven segment display can be updated every millisecond (approx). This is true at 4MHz - obviously using a faster crystal would allow less calls e.g. for a 20MHz crystal you could get away with two calls. Using a faster crystal makes timing slightly more difficult since for a 20MHz clock the instruction cycle is 200ns not 1us.
The bcd conversion is not the fastest around but it is faster than letting the compiler using long divide or multiply and this does show how to use machine code in the C source code. It also shows how to split processing time up for the machine code program.
def.h
Contains a control to let the simulator update variables where needed.
bit.h
This contains macros for bit manipulation which should be compiler independent.
End of code description for the frequency counter circuit.

Using Fixed point maths in microcontrollers.

2008-11-17T08:00:00.000-08:00

Fixed point mathematics lets you calculate results that need to have a fractional multiplier and it lets you calculate results that would normally need floating point variables. This saves a huge amount of memory.For example if you want to calculate an ADC result that uses a 19.6mV step size then you need to multiply the ADC result by 0.0196. Normal maths using a floating point variable would result in the following:
ADC reading
Floating point calculation
Floating point result
0
0 * 0.0196
0.0
127
127 * 0.0196
2.489
255
255 * 0.0196
4.998With Fixed point mathematics you can do this quickly and efficiently using only integer type variables.Note: Floating point variables use up huge amounts of resources in a microcontroller as microcontrollers are only really good at integer type variables. To do floating point complex library functions are called up. This is similar to the old 386 processor (it too was no good at floating point operations being far too slow) so a separate floating point processor was used.
An example problemHere is the problem to solve:Using the minimum memory resources use an 8 bit ADC with 5V reference to transmit using a PIC micro serial data to a PC via the serial port the ADC reading every second.The most important decision is not to use floating point - this saves lots of memory resource - all the rest; sending data to the serial port and timing will not take up much memory (the soft serial port (TX) that you can find here takes about 90 memory words).So how to do it : First of all the step size of each ADC bit is:
5V/255 = 0.0196 (19.6mV)Next work out the type of the variable that is big enough to hold the maximum expected value but is also the minimum size variable you can get away with. Factors such as the number of ADC bits and required calculation accuracy affect the variable size.To convert, using fixed point, multiply the ADC reading by an integer scale factor but make sure the maximum value fits within the variable e.g If you choose a scale factor of 196 check the maximum value:Maximum value : 255 * 196 = 49980Here you can use a 16 bit variable (or unsigned int) as the maximum value is smaller than the maximum value that the 16 bit variable can hold.Max value that unsigned int can store is 216-1 = 65535.Since 49980 < 65535 the scheme is ok.This has calculated the result using fixed point shown in the table below:
ADC reading
Fixed point calculation
Fixed point result
0
0 * 196
0.0
127
127 * 196
24892
255
255 * 196
49980The decimal point is fixed four to the left - i.e. fixed point. This has use the internal compiler routine '16 bit multiply' which is much simpler than a floating point multiply so you save loads of memory resource.
Jump from Microcontroller Fixed Point Maths toBest-Microcontroller-Projects Home Page

PIC Interrupt Secrets Update

2008-11-17T07:56:00.000-08:00

PIC Interrupt Secrets UpdateHere's the download link for PIC Interrupt secrets:
Click Here To Download the Updated Version V1.01

USB ICSP FLASH PIC PROGRAMMER

2008-11-17T07:55:00.000-08:00

Features
"Supplies Power 5V power To Your Circuits" This programmer can power your circuts up to (500mA or Max USB output) so there's no need for a separate power supply just connect the correct wires and its ready to go
"ICSP Connections" It has all the ICSP connections - This all you need for programming almost all PIC devices.
"Very Compact Design" It's suitable for use on a desktop and since there is no extra power supply its easy to carry around.
"Upgradable Firmware" The design uses an internal PIC chip that is programmed using the software so it's upgradable.
"USB Port" Connects via a standard USB port.

K182A : This is Strictly an In Circuit Serial PIC Programmer (ICSP). This allows you to quickly program and debug the pic while it is in your circuit. Removing the pic to reprogram while prototyping can be cumbersome. It is designed to program the Flash Pic's from Microchip. These are the ones that have an "F" in the part number. USB ports are just about standard on all PC's now a days, so this PIC programmer only uses the USB port. The circuit is powered directly from the USB port, so no external power supply is needed.
Features:
USB Port Connection
ICSP connector with wires
Software that can be updated as new Pics are released
Windows 9x/NT/2000/XP Compatible Software
Specifications:
L: 4" W: 3" H: 5/8"
Powered from USB port
Requires USB Cable
Link to download software provided
Here is a list of PICs that the MicroPro Software Supports and that this programmer will program.
12F629 12F675 16F627 16F627A 16F628 16F628A 16F630 16F648A 16F676 16F72 16F73 16F737 16F74 16F747 16F76 16F767 16F77 16F777 16F818 16F819 16F83 16F84 16F84A 16F87 16F88 16F870 16F871 16F872 16F873 16F873A 16F874 16F874A 16F876 16F876A 16F877 18F242 18F248 18F252 18F258 18F442 18F448 18F452 18F458 18F1220 18F1320 18F2220 18F2320 18F4220 18F4320Documentation in pdf format.
Assembled and Tested - $49.95Buy This Programmer Now(from electronic kits - an affiliate of mine).(USA & Canada only)More information (Scroll down to K182A for downloading software).